PVP-I for COVID-19: real-time analysis of all 18 studies

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Database of all povidone-iodine COVID-19 studies. Submit updates/corrections.

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Aug 17	Early	Baxter et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.21262044 (Preprint)	hosp., ↓65.3%, p=1.00	Rapid initiation of nasal saline irrigation: hospitalizations in COVID-19 patients randomized to alkalinization or povidone-iodine compared to a national dataset
	Details Small RCT 79 PCR+ patients 55+ comparing pressure-based nasal irrigation with povidone-iodine and sodium bicarbonate, showing improved recovery with povidone-iodine, and 0/37 COVID-19 related hospitalizations for povidone-iodine compared ..
Aug 17	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Baxter et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.21262044 (Preprint)
	Rapid initiation of nasal saline irrigation: hospitalizations in COVID-19 patients randomized to alkalinization or povidone-iodine compared to a national dataset
	Small RCT 79 PCR+ patients 55+ comparing pressure-based nasal irrigation with povidone-iodine and sodium bicarbonate, showing improved recovery with povidone-iodine, and 0/37 COVID-19 related hospitalizations for povidone-iodine compared to 1/42 for sodium bicarbonate. NCT04559035. risk of hospitalization, 65.3% lower, RR 0.35, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 37 (0.0%), control 1 of 42 (2.4%), continuity correction due to zero event. risk of hospitalization/ER, 79.0% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.50, treatment 0 of 37 (0.0%), control 2 of 42 (4.8%), continuity correction due to zero event. risk of no recovery, 56.0% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.03, treatment 6 of 25 (24.0%), control 18 of 33 (54.5%). Baxter et al., 8/17/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, preprint, 9 authors, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
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May 18	Early	Arefin et al., Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, doi:10.1007/s12070-021-02616-7 (Peer Reviewed)	viral+, ↓78.9%, p=0.02	Virucidal effect of povidone iodine on COVID-19 in the nasopharynx: an open-label randomized clinical trial
	Details RCT with 189 patients showing signficantly greater viral clearance with a single application of PVP-I. Authors recommend using PVP-I prophylactically in the nasopharynx and oropharynx. NCT04549376 [1].
May 18	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Arefin et al., Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, doi:10.1007/s12070-021-02616-7 (Peer Reviewed)
	Virucidal effect of povidone iodine on COVID-19 in the nasopharynx: an open-label randomized clinical trial
	RCT with 189 patients showing signficantly greater viral clearance with a single application of PVP-I. Authors recommend using PVP-I prophylactically in the nasopharynx and oropharynx. NCT04549376 [1]. [1] trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-020-04963-2 risk of no virological cure, 78.9% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.02, treatment 4 of 27 (14.8%), control 19 of 27 (70.4%), 0.6% nasal irrigation. risk of no virological cure, 89.5% lower, RR 0.11, p < 0.001, treatment 2 of 27 (7.4%), control 19 of 27 (70.4%), 0.5% nasal irrigation. risk of no virological cure, 52.6% lower, RR 0.47, p = 0.006, treatment 9 of 27 (33.3%), control 19 of 27 (70.4%), 0.4% nasal irrigation. risk of no virological cure, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 27 (18.5%), control 25 of 27 (92.6%), 0.6% nasal spray. risk of no virological cure, 64.0% lower, RR 0.36, p < 0.001, treatment 9 of 27 (33.3%), control 25 of 27 (92.6%), 0.5% nasal spray. risk of no virological cure, 73.6% lower, RR 0.26, p < 0.001, treatment 29 of 135 (21.5%), control 44 of 54 (81.5%), all treatment vs. all control. Arefin et al., 5/18/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Bangladesh, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.
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Apr 14	PEP	Seet et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.035 (Peer Reviewed)	severe case, ↓44.7%, p=0.05	Positive impact of oral hydroxychloroquine and povidone-iodine throat spray for COVID-19 prophylaxis: an open-label randomized trial
	Details Prophylaxis RCT in Singapore with 3,037 low risk patients, showing lower serious cases, lower symptomatic cases, and lower confirmed cases of COVID-19 with all treatments (ivermectin, HCQ, PVP-I, and Zinc + vitamin C) compared to vitamin ..
Apr 14	Details Source PDF Post Exposure Prophylaxis study Post Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Seet et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.035 (Peer Reviewed)
	Positive impact of oral hydroxychloroquine and povidone-iodine throat spray for COVID-19 prophylaxis: an open-label randomized trial
	Prophylaxis RCT in Singapore with 3,037 low risk patients, showing lower serious cases, lower symptomatic cases, and lower confirmed cases of COVID-19 with all treatments (ivermectin, HCQ, PVP-I, and Zinc + vitamin C) compared to vitamin C. Meta-analysis of vitamin C in 6 previous trials shows a benefit of 16%, so the actual benefit of ivermectin, HCQ, and PVP-I may be higher. Cluster RCT with 40 clusters. There were no hospitalizations and no deaths. NCT04446104. risk of COVID-19 severe case, 44.7% lower, RR 0.55, p = 0.05, treatment 42 of 735 (5.7%), control 64 of 619 (10.3%). risk of COVID-19 case, 31.1% lower, RR 0.69, p = 0.01, treatment 338 of 735 (46.0%), control 433 of 619 (70.0%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, model 6. Seet et al., 4/14/2021, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial, Singapore, Asia, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo.
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Mar 17	Early	Elzein et al., Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101584 (preprint 3/17) (Peer Reviewed)	viral load, ↓88.8%, p<0.05	In vivo evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine mouthwashes against salivary SARS-CoV-2. A randomized-controlled clinical trial
	Details Small RCT comparing mouthwashing with PVP-I, Chlorhexidine, and water, showing significant efficacy for both PVP-I and Chlorhexidine, with PVP-I increasing Ct by a mean of 4.45 (p < 0.0001) and Chlorhexidine by a mean of 5.69 (p < 0.0001)..
Mar 17	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Elzein et al., Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101584 (preprint 3/17) (Peer Reviewed)
	In vivo evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine mouthwashes against salivary SARS-CoV-2. A randomized-controlled clinical trial
	Small RCT comparing mouthwashing with PVP-I, Chlorhexidine, and water, showing significant efficacy for both PVP-I and Chlorhexidine, with PVP-I increasing Ct by a mean of 4.45 (p < 0.0001) and Chlorhexidine by a mean of 5.69 (p < 0.0001), compared to no significant difference for water. inverse relative improvement in Ct value, 88.8% lower, relative load 0.11, p < 0.05, treatment 25, control 9. Elzein et al., 3/17/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Lebanon, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
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Mar 15	Review	Chopra et al., Japanese Dental Science Review, doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.03.001 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)	review	Can povidone Iodine gargle/mouthrinse inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and decrease the risk of nosocomial and community transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic? An evidence-based update
	Details Review discussing the rationale, safety, recommendations, and dosage of PVP-I gargle/mouthwash as an effective method to decrease the viral load of SARS-CoV-2.
Mar 15	Details Source PDF Review Review
	Chopra et al., Japanese Dental Science Review, doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.03.001 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
	Can povidone Iodine gargle/mouthrinse inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and decrease the risk of nosocomial and community transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic? An evidence-based update
	Review discussing the rationale, safety, recommendations, and dosage of PVP-I gargle/mouthwash as an effective method to decrease the viral load of SARS-CoV-2. Chopra et al., 3/15/2021, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
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Mar 1	In Vitro	Xu et al., Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens10030272 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Differential Effects of Antiseptic Mouth Rinses on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity In Vitro
	Details In Vitro study showing that PVP-I and other mouthwashes inactivated replication-competent SARS-CoV-2.
Mar 1	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Xu et al., Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens10030272 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)
	Differential Effects of Antiseptic Mouth Rinses on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity In Vitro
	In Vitro study showing that PVP-I and other mouthwashes inactivated replication-competent SARS-CoV-2. Xu et al., 3/1/2021, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
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Mar 1	Early	Jayaraman et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.21252488 (Preprint)		Povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide and chlorhexidine mouthwashes reduce SARS-CoV2 burden in whole mouth fluid and respiratory droplets
	Details Study of SARS-CoV2 burden in whole mouth fluid and respiratory droplets with povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in 36 hospitalized COVID-19 patients using PCR and rapid antigen testing. There were significan..
Mar 1	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Jayaraman et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.21252488 (Preprint)
	Povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide and chlorhexidine mouthwashes reduce SARS-CoV2 burden in whole mouth fluid and respiratory droplets
	Study of SARS-CoV2 burden in whole mouth fluid and respiratory droplets with povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in 36 hospitalized COVID-19 patients using PCR and rapid antigen testing. There were significant reductions in SARS-CoV2 burden with all treatments in both respiratory droplets and whole mouth fluid. Jayaraman et al., 3/1/2021, prospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 12 authors.
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Feb 4	Early	Guenezan et al., JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.5490 (Peer Reviewed)	viral load, ↓63.2%, p=0.25	Povidone Iodine Mouthwash, Gargle, and Nasal Spray to Reduce Nasopharyngeal Viral Load in Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial
	Details RCT of PCR+ patients with Ct<=20 with 12 treatment and 12 control patients, concluding that nasopharyngeal decolonization may reduce the carriage of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19. All patients but 1 had ne..
Feb 4	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Guenezan et al., JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.5490 (Peer Reviewed)
	Povidone Iodine Mouthwash, Gargle, and Nasal Spray to Reduce Nasopharyngeal Viral Load in Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial
	RCT of PCR+ patients with Ct<=20 with 12 treatment and 12 control patients, concluding that nasopharyngeal decolonization may reduce the carriage of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19. All patients but 1 had negative viral titer by day 3 (group not specified). There was no significant difference in viral RNA quantification over time. The mean relative difference in viral titers between baseline and day 1 was 75% [43%-95%] in the intervention group and 32% [10%-65%] in the control group. Thyroid dysfunction occurred in 42% of treated patients, with spontaneous resolution after the end of treatment. Patients in the treatment group were younger. relative improvement in viral titer reduction between baseline and day 1, 63.2% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.25, treatment 12, control 12. Guenezan et al., 2/4/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
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Feb 1	In Vitro	Tucker et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.426979 (Preprint) (In Vitro)	in vitro	In vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with 0.5% povidone iodine nasal spray (Nasodine) at clinically relevant concentrations and timeframes using tissue culture and PCR based assays
	Details In Vitro study showing that PVP-I eliminated the viability of SARS-CoV-2 with short exposure times. Authors find that PCR alone may not be adequate for viral quantification and recommend incorporating cell culture to assess viral viability.
Feb 1	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Tucker et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.426979 (Preprint) (In Vitro)
	In vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with 0.5% povidone iodine nasal spray (Nasodine) at clinically relevant concentrations and timeframes using tissue culture and PCR based assays
	In Vitro study showing that PVP-I eliminated the viability of SARS-CoV-2 with short exposure times. Authors find that PCR alone may not be adequate for viral quantification and recommend incorporating cell culture to assess viral viability. Tucker et al., 2/1/2021, preprint, 6 authors.
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Jan 3	Early	Khan et al., American Journal of Otolaryngology, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102880 (Peer Reviewed)		Tolerability and usability of 0.5% PVP-I gargles and nasal drops in 6692 patients: Observational study
	Details Study of the use of PVP-I gargles and nasal drops before and after ENT examinations with a total of 6,692 patients, finding high usability and good tolerance for use. 21 patients (0.76%) reported an itching sensation in the nose on the f..
Jan 3	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Khan et al., American Journal of Otolaryngology, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102880 (Peer Reviewed)
	Tolerability and usability of 0.5% PVP-I gargles and nasal drops in 6692 patients: Observational study
	Study of the use of PVP-I gargles and nasal drops before and after ENT examinations with a total of 6,692 patients, finding high usability and good tolerance for use. 21 patients (0.76%) reported an itching sensation in the nose on the first day of use of 0.5% PVP-I nasal drops and discontinued its further use. However, none of the patients reported any serious side effects or allergic reaction to 0.5% PVP-I nasal drops and gargles. The 0.5% PVP-I gargles and nasal drops were used by healthcare workers about three to four times in a day for 5 months. None of them developed any COVID-19 symptoms. Khan et al., 1/3/2021, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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Dec 14 2020	Early	Seneviratne et al., Infection, doi:10.1007/s15010-020-01563-9 (Peer Reviewed)		Efficacy of commercial mouth-rinses on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva: randomized control trial in Singapore
	Details Small mouthwash RCT with 4 PVP-I patients and 2 water patients concluding that PVP-I may have a sustained effect on reducing the salivary SARS-CoV-2 level in COVID-19 patients.
Dec 14 2020	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Seneviratne et al., Infection, doi:10.1007/s15010-020-01563-9 (Peer Reviewed)
	Efficacy of commercial mouth-rinses on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva: randomized control trial in Singapore
	Small mouthwash RCT with 4 PVP-I patients and 2 water patients concluding that PVP-I may have a sustained effect on reducing the salivary SARS-CoV-2 level in COVID-19 patients. Seneviratne et al., 12/14/2020, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
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Dec 3 2020	Early	Choudhury et al., Bioresearch Communications, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2021 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓88.2%, p=0.0006	Effect of 1% Povidone Iodine Mouthwash/Gargle, Nasal and Eye Drop in COVID-19 patient
	Details RCT 606 patients in Bangladesh for povidone iodine mouthwash/gargle, nasal drops and eye drops showing significantly lower death, hospitalization, and PCR+ at day 7.
Dec 3 2020	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Choudhury et al., Bioresearch Communications, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2021 (Peer Reviewed)
	Effect of 1% Povidone Iodine Mouthwash/Gargle, Nasal and Eye Drop in COVID-19 patient
	RCT 606 patients in Bangladesh for povidone iodine mouthwash/gargle, nasal drops and eye drops showing significantly lower death, hospitalization, and PCR+ at day 7. risk of death, 88.2% lower, RR 0.12, p < 0.001, treatment 2 of 303 (0.7%), control 17 of 303 (5.6%). risk of hospitalization, 84.4% lower, RR 0.16, p < 0.001, treatment 12 of 303 (4.0%), control 77 of 303 (25.4%). risk of no virological cure, 96.2% lower, RR 0.04, p < 0.001, treatment 8 of 303 (2.6%), control 213 of 303 (70.3%), day 7. Choudhury et al., 12/3/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Bangladesh, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Sep 17 2020	In Vitro	Frank et al., JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3053 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)	in vitro	In Vitro Efficacy of a Povidone-Iodine Nasal Antiseptic for Rapid Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2
	Details In Vitro study showing povidone-iodine nasal antiseptics at concentrations (0.5%, 1.25%, and 2.5%) completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 within 15 seconds of contact. No cytotoxic effects on cells were observed after contact with each of the ..
Sep 17 2020	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Frank et al., JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3053 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)
	In Vitro Efficacy of a Povidone-Iodine Nasal Antiseptic for Rapid Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2
	In Vitro study showing povidone-iodine nasal antiseptics at concentrations (0.5%, 1.25%, and 2.5%) completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 within 15 seconds of contact. No cytotoxic effects on cells were observed after contact with each of the nasal antiseptics tested. Frank et al., 9/17/2020, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Sep 9 2020	Early	Mohamed et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.20180448 (Preprint)	viral+, ↓85.7%, p=0.17	Early viral clearance among COVID-19 patients when gargling with povidone-iodine and essential oils: a pilot clinical trial
	Details Tiny RCT with 5 PVP-I patients, gargling 30 seconds, 3x per day, and 5 control patients (essential oils and tap water were also tested), showing improved viral clearance with PVP-I.
Sep 9 2020	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Mohamed et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.20180448 (Preprint)
	Early viral clearance among COVID-19 patients when gargling with povidone-iodine and essential oils: a pilot clinical trial
	Tiny RCT with 5 PVP-I patients, gargling 30 seconds, 3x per day, and 5 control patients (essential oils and tap water were also tested), showing improved viral clearance with PVP-I. risk of no virological cure, 85.7% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.17, treatment 0 of 5 (0.0%), control 3 of 5 (60.0%), continuity correction due to zero event, day 12. Mohamed et al., 9/9/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Malaysia, Europe, preprint, 16 authors.
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Jul 8 2020	In Vitro	Anderson et al., Infectious Diseases and Therapy, doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00316-3 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Povidone-Iodine Demonstrates Rapid In Vitro Virucidal Activity Against SARS-CoV-2, The Virus Causing COVID-19 Disease
	Details In Vitro study showing rapid and effective virucidal activity of PVP-I against SARS-CoV-2. All four products tested [antiseptic solution (PVP-I 10%), skin cleanser (PVP-I 7.5%), gargle and mouth wash (PVP-I 1%) and throat spray (PVP-I 0.4..
Jul 8 2020	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Anderson et al., Infectious Diseases and Therapy, doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00316-3 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)
	Povidone-Iodine Demonstrates Rapid In Vitro Virucidal Activity Against SARS-CoV-2, The Virus Causing COVID-19 Disease
	In Vitro study showing rapid and effective virucidal activity of PVP-I against SARS-CoV-2. All four products tested [antiseptic solution (PVP-I 10%), skin cleanser (PVP-I 7.5%), gargle and mouth wash (PVP-I 1%) and throat spray (PVP-I 0.45%)] achieved C 99.99% virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2, corresponding to C 4 log10 reduction of virus titre, within 30s of contact. Anderson et al., 7/8/2020, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
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Jul 2 2020	Early	Martínez Lamas et al., Oral Diseases, doi:doi.org/10.1111/odi.13526 (Peer Reviewed)		Is povidone iodine mouthwash effective against SARS‐CoV‐2? First in vivo tests
	Details Small study analyzing the impact of PVP-I mouthwash on the salivary viral load of SARS‐CoV‐2 in 4 patients with COVID‐19. In 2 of the 4 patients (those with a higher initial viral load), PVP‐I resulted in a significant drop in viral load,..
Jul 2 2020	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Martínez Lamas et al., Oral Diseases, doi:doi.org/10.1111/odi.13526 (Peer Reviewed)
	Is povidone iodine mouthwash effective against SARS‐CoV‐2? First in vivo tests
	Small study analyzing the impact of PVP-I mouthwash on the salivary viral load of SARS‐CoV‐2 in 4 patients with COVID‐19. In 2 of the 4 patients (those with a higher initial viral load), PVP‐I resulted in a significant drop in viral load, which remained after 3 hours. Martínez Lamas et al., 7/2/2020, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.
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Jun 26 2020	In Vitro	Hassandarvish et al., British Dental Journal volume, doi:10.1038/s41415-020-1794-1 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Povidone iodine gargle and mouthwash
	Details In Vitro study showing undiluted PVP-I (1% w/v) achieved >5 log10 reduction in SARS-CoV-2 virus titres at 15, 30 and 60 seconds treatment exposure under both clean and dirty conditions. In contrast, when PVP-I was tested at 1:2 dilution a..
Jun 26 2020	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Hassandarvish et al., British Dental Journal volume, doi:10.1038/s41415-020-1794-1 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)
	Povidone iodine gargle and mouthwash
	In Vitro study showing undiluted PVP-I (1% w/v) achieved >5 log10 reduction in SARS-CoV-2 virus titres at 15, 30 and 60 seconds treatment exposure under both clean and dirty conditions. In contrast, when PVP-I was tested at 1:2 dilution a >4 log10 kill at 15 seconds and >5 log10 kill at 30 and 60 seconds in comparison to control was seen in both clean and dirty conditions. Hassandarvish et al., 6/26/2020, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
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Jun 18 2020	Early	Khan et al., Am J Otolaryngol, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102618 (Peer Reviewed)		Repurposing 0.5% povidone iodine solution in otorhinolaryngology practice in Covid 19 pandemic
	Details Study of the use of PVP-I gargles and nasal drops before ENT appointments finding good tolerability.
Jun 18 2020	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Khan et al., Am J Otolaryngol, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102618 (Peer Reviewed)
	Repurposing 0.5% povidone iodine solution in otorhinolaryngology practice in Covid 19 pandemic
	Study of the use of PVP-I gargles and nasal drops before ENT appointments finding good tolerability. Khan et al., 6/18/2020, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
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Jun 10 2020	Safety	Frank et al., Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, doi:10.1177/0145561320932318 (Peer Reviewed)	safety analysis	Povidone-Iodine Use in Sinonasal and Oral Cavities: A Review of Safety in the COVID-19 Era
	Details Review of povidone-iodine finding that it can safely be used in the nose at concentrations up to 1.25% and in the mouth at concentrations up to 2.5% for up to 5 months.
Jun 10 2020	Details Source PDF Safety Safety
	Frank et al., Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, doi:10.1177/0145561320932318 (Peer Reviewed)
	Povidone-Iodine Use in Sinonasal and Oral Cavities: A Review of Safety in the COVID-19 Era
	Review of povidone-iodine finding that it can safely be used in the nose at concentrations up to 1.25% and in the mouth at concentrations up to 2.5% for up to 5 months. Frank et al., 6/10/2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.
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Jun 8 2020	In Vitro	Bidra et al., Journal of Prosthodontics, doi:10.1111/jopr.13209 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Rapid In‐Vitro Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Using Povidone‐Iodine Oral Antiseptic Rinse
	Details In Vitro study showing PVP‐I rapidly inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2. Viricidal activity was present at the lowest concentration and contact time tested (0.5% PVP‐I and 15 seconds).
Jun 8 2020	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Bidra et al., Journal of Prosthodontics, doi:10.1111/jopr.13209 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)
	Rapid In‐Vitro Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Using Povidone‐Iodine Oral Antiseptic Rinse
	In Vitro study showing PVP‐I rapidly inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2. Viricidal activity was present at the lowest concentration and contact time tested (0.5% PVP‐I and 15 seconds). Bidra et al., 6/8/2020, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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May 7 2020	PrEP	Mendoza et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3589404 (Preprint)		Prevention of COVID-19 Infection with Povidone-Iodine
	Details Review of the antiviral efficacy of PVP-I and its potential use as a prophylactic on the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal mucosa for COVID-19.
May 7 2020	Details Source PDF Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
	Mendoza et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3589404 (Preprint)
	Prevention of COVID-19 Infection with Povidone-Iodine
	Review of the antiviral efficacy of PVP-I and its potential use as a prophylactic on the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal mucosa for COVID-19. Mendoza et al., 5/7/2020, preprint, 1 author.
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