0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Mohamed (RCT)
86%
0.14 [0.01-2.21]
viral+
0/5
3/5
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Choudhury (RCT)
88%
0.12 [0.03-0.50]
death
2/303
17/303
Guenezan (RCT)
63%
0.37 [0.06-1.63]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Elzein (DB RCT)
89%
0.11 [0.01-1.00]
viral load
25 (n)
9 (n)
Short term viral
Arefin (RCT)
79%
0.21 [0.08-0.54]
viral+
4/27
19/27
Short term viral
Pablo-Marcos
29%
0.71 [0.32-1.56]
viral load
31 (n)
40 (n)
Sulistyani (SB RCT)
6%
0.94 [0.45-1.96]
viral load
15 (n)
15 (n)
Elsersy (DB RCT)
91%
0.09 [0.01-1.62]
hosp.
0/100
5/100
CT2
Sevinç Gül (RCT)
99%
0.01 [0.00-439]
viral load
21 (n)
20 (n)
Short term viral OT1
Natto (RCT)
74%
0.26 [0.03-2.76]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral OT1
Sirijatuphat
33%
0.67 [0.17-2.67]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral
Baxter (RCT)
-214%
3.14 [0.13-74.7]
hosp.
1/37
0/42
OT1
Karaaltin (RCT)
83%
0.17 [0.05-0.62]
viral load
30 (n)
30 (n)
Matsuyama (RCT)
69%
0.31 [0.10-0.93]
viral+
4/139
13/140
Tau2 = 0.23, I2 = 32.3%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment
64%
0.36 [0.22-0.57]
11/769
57/767
64% lower risk
Seneviratne (RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.50-0.91]
viral load
4 (n)
2 (n)
Short term viral
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Zarabanda (RCT)
-27%
1.27 [0.26-6.28]
no recov.
3/13
2/11
OT1
Jamir (ICU)
57%
0.43 [0.27-0.69]
death
39/163
62/103
ICU patients
Ferrer (RCT)
34%
0.66 [0.02-19.0]
viral load
9 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral
Fantozzi (RCT)
31%
0.69 [0.39-1.21]
viral+
5/8
10/11
Short term viral OT1
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 28.0%, p = 0.00014
Late treatment
42%
0.58 [0.44-0.76]
47/197
74/139
42% lower risk
Seet (CLUS. RCT)
45%
0.55 [0.38-0.80]
symp. case
42/735
64/619
OT1
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.002
Prophylaxis
45%
0.55 [0.38-0.80]
42/735
64/619
45% lower risk
All studies
50%
0.50 [0.39-0.63]
100/1,701
195/1,525
50% lower risk
20 povidone-iodine COVID-19 studies
c19early.org
March 2024
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 30.4%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome, see appendix)
1 OT: comparison with other treatment2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors povidone-iodine
Favors control